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This excellent essay
written by Russ Paiellieis is a brief summary
of the John Kennedy coup d'etat.
Table of Contents
The assassination of President John F. Kennedy on November
22, 1963 marks a watershed in American history. Had JFK not been
killed, the Vietnam war and the "war on poverty" might have
never happened as we know them, and his assassination is often
thought to mark the beginning of the end of public trust in
government. Yet the cause of his death is still highly
controversial. According to the Warren Commission, JFK was shot
by a lone gunman, but according to the later House Select
Committee on Assassinations (HSCA), he was the victim of a Mafia
conspiracy.
Hundreds of books have been written on the JFK assassination,
and all but a few have argued that Kennedy was killed as the
result of a conspiracy involving high government officials.
Those that reject a conspiracy altogether are so rare that they
tend to get more attention. In that category, Case Closed
by Gerald Posner [Posner]
has received unprecedented publicity and high praise. Posner
presents perhaps the most convincing case yet in support of the
non-conspiracy version of the JFK assassination. But how
convincing is it? Has Posner finally closed this extraordinary
case? To answer this question, it is useful to first review a
few basic facts.
The officially planned and published motorcade route through
Dealey Plaza did not include the street where the assassination
actually occurred. The route was changed at the last minute to
go directly past the Texas School Book Depository, where the
apparent sniper's nest was found. The sharp turn almost directly
below the sniper's window on the sixth floor required the
motorcade to slow down below the minimum speed required by
Secret Service security regulations for an open vehicle carrying
the President.
The famous Zapruder film shows Kennedy's head moving slightly
forward, then snapping violently back and to the left at the
instant of the head shot. It also shows Jackie Kennedy climbing
back on the rear of the car to retrieve a fragment from her
husband's skull, which she still had in her hand a few minutes
later at Parkland Hospital. Over fifty witnesses, including
virtually all in the immediate vicinity of the so-called "grassy
knoll" in Dealey Plaza, have said that a shot or shots came from
behind the foliage-covered wooden fence on the knoll, to
Kennedy's right front. Photos and films show two policemen with
guns drawn, along with many bystanders, running toward the fence
immediately after the shooting in an obvious attempt to
apprehend the shooter.
The doctors who treated Kennedy at Parkland Hospital in
Dallas held a press conference shortly afterward in which they
stated plainly and repeatedly that Kennedy's head and neck
wounds were the result of shots from the front. Virtually all of
them have maintained since then that Kennedy had a small bullet
wound in his throat about a half centimeter in diameter that
appeared to be an entrance wound, and that a large hole in the
lower rear (occipital) portion of his skull, slightly to the
right of center, was blasted out in what appeared to be an exit
wound.
An intense argument erupted at Parkland Hospital between the
Dallas County Medical Examiner, who insisted that the autopsy be
done in Texas, and federal agents, who wanted the autopsy to be
done in the Washington, DC area. In prevailing, the federal
agents blatantly violated the law, because Texas state law
required the autopsy to be done in Texas, and no federal law
superseded the state law -- not even for the President of the
United States. The armed federal agents were so concerned about
the autopsy location that they used the persuasive power of
their firearms to overrule the Justice of the Peace, who had
ruled against them.
The conclusion of the autopsy was that Kennedy was hit from
the rear only. However, the autopsy has been widely and heavily
criticized by forensic experts, including many who accept its
conclusions. It was performed by military pathologists with
virtually no forensic experience. The chief pathologist
destroyed his original autopsy notes, and even the copy he made
has disappeared. Routine procedures such as tracing bullet paths
through the body and sectioning the brain were not performed.
Such procedures would have determined the direction of the
shots, which should have been the primary objective of the
autopsy. The pathologists claimed that they were unaware of the
neck wound until after the autopsy because an emergency
tracheotomy had been performed directly over it at Parkland
Hospital. The brain itself, which was supposed to have been
preserved and sectioned, has mysteriously disappeared. Several
of the doctors who treated Kennedy at Parkland Hospital have
publicly disputed the autopsy conclusions.
The official suspect was Lee Harvey Oswald, but of course he
never had his day in court. Oswald joined the U.S. Marines at
age seventeen and became a radar operator with at least a secret
clearance at Atsugi Air Base in Japan, a known CIA operations
center, where the U-2 reconnaissance aircraft was based.
Although Oswald openly and regularly espoused Communism as a
marine at the height of the cold war, the Marines did not seem
to care. One day Oswald defected to the Soviet Union, boldly
announcing his intention to divulge everything he knew to the
Soviets. He stayed for a couple of years and got married, then
he came back home with his wife. He was welcomed back hospitably
by the U.S. government, which even paid his travel expenses
back. He was never prosecuted for treason. After his arrest for
the Kennedy assassination, he was questioned intensively for
many hours without legal representation, despite his pleas for
such. Supposedly, no notes or recordings of the interviews were
kept. A couple of days after his arrest, Oswald was shot by Jack
Ruby on national television.
Jack Ruby was a tough night club operator with strong ties to
both organized crime and the Dallas police force. It
was said that he would not let a cop be charged for a drink in
his club, and he was well known by many of them. When Oswald was
moved from the Dallas police headquarters to the county jail,
Ruby somehow penetrated a secure area of the building and shot
Oswald, who died a short time later. Ruby had arrived at the
building about five minutes before Oswald was to be escorted
out, despite the fact that the move had been delayed by nearly
an hour from the officially scheduled time. After the incident,
Ruby repeatedly requested to be taken to Washington, DC so that
he could safely expose the grand conspiracy that he claimed to
be a part of, but his request was denied. He died of cancer
about three years later.
The Warren Commission concluded that a single bullet had
penetrated both Kennedy and Texas governor John Connally, who
was sitting in front of Kennedy in the same car. This
"single-bullet theory" was necessary to support the conclusion
that Oswald was the lone assassin, because Oswald couldn't have
fired two shots fast enough to cause those wounds, plus he
supposedly fired only three shots, and the other two were
accounted for. The bullet that supposedly caused those wounds
was found on a stretcher in Parkland Hospital in virtually
pristine condition.
Non-conspiracy believers have always accused conspiracy
believers of believing far-fetched stories. Yet they themselves
would apparently have us believe that nature conspired to fool
the naive with a bizarre series of deceptive coincidences. Thus,
Posner argues with an almost arrogant confidence that the Warren
Commission got it right in finding that Oswald was a lone gunman
firing from the rear. His analysis is a fascinating case of
fitting facts to a theory rather than vice-versa.
The Zapruder film was deceptive, we are essentially told.
Kennedy's head snapped back and to the left at the instant of
the head shot, but not because he was hit from his right front,
as a naive observer might think. No, he was hit from the rear,
and a combination of the "jet effect" and a neuromuscular spasm
made his head move by coincidence in the direction seemingly
consistent with a shot from the grassy knoll, where so many of
the witnesses thought the shots had come from.
The "jet effect" is the idea that the bullet and ejected
matter carried away to the front more momentum than the bullet
itself had carried in from the rear, causing the head to jerk
back toward the the gun at the rear. Though
counterintuitive, the basic concept is physically possible. In
this case, however, it is difficult to square with the fact that
Jackie Kennedy reached back for a piece of skull on the
trunk lid of the car (which she still had in her hand at
Parkland Hospital), and the fact that many eyewitnesses reported
that matter flew to the left rear. In fact, a policemen who was
on a motorcycle immediately to Kennedy's left rear at the
instant of the head shot had the front of his windshield
splattered so hard that he thought he had been hit.
As for the witnesses, Posner attempts to discredit them one
by one. Some changed their original story years later, he
claims, and some are just after notoriety or money. Nobody
doubts that some witnesses may be unreliable, but could nearly
all of those in the immediate vicinity of the grassy knoll --
over fifty witnesses -- be wrong? Many insisted emphatically
that they not only heard shots from the grassy knoll, but that
they saw and smelled gunsmoke there. A deaf man on an adjacent
overpass claimed to have seen the shooters pack their rifles and
flee from behind the fence on the grassy knoll, and he
maintained his account for at least thirty years after the
event. Furthermore, if nobody really saw or heard any gunshots
from the grassy knoll, why did a couple of policemen and many
bystanders run in that direction in an obvious attempt to
apprehend the gunmen?
Interestingly, some of the witnesses said that men with what
appeared to be official identification had cleared bystanders
out from the area behind the fence on the grassy knoll just
before the motorcade came by. However, no government agency had
personnel officially assigned to that area at that time. Also,
three supposed "tramps" were found in a train in the yard behind
the fence shortly after the shooting. They were marched down to
the police station, questioned, and released. The whole episode
was captured on films and photos but, amazingly, all official
records of the incident have disappeared.
According to the Warren Commission, Oswald fired only three
shots, and Posner claims that a majority of the witnesses heard
only three shots. Whether that is true or not, a large number
did claim to hear more than three shots. If some of the shots
were fired nearly simultaneously from different directions, as
many believe, more than three shots could easily have been
perceived as three, but that possibility apparently never
occurred to Posner. Never mind that the HSCA found, by expert
analysis of a police dictabelt recording of the shooting, that
at least four shots were indeed fired.
By carefully mapping the acoustic impulse response of Dealey
Plaza and comparing it with the dictabelt recording, the experts
determined (with 95% confidence) that more than three shots were
fired and that at least one of them came from the grassy knoll
area. The timing of the shots matched well with the Zapruder
film. This startling revelation came just as the HSCA was
winding down in the late seventies and essentially forced the
government to concede that a conspiracy had occurred. Rather
than continue to pursue the matter, however, the HSCA simply
blamed the Mafia and immediately dropped the case.
The National Academy of Sciences later set up a panel to
review the acoustic data. The panel eventually rejected the
earlier conclusion that more than three shots had been fired.
However, the head of that panel, a Nobel laureate physicist, had
made public statements before the review even began that showed
extreme prejudice against the four-shot conclusion.
When copies of the dictabelt recording were later distributed
to the public, someone found a previously undetected voice in
the background (in a section of the tape that had apparently not
been analyzed in detail). The voice was of a policeman directing
the search for the assassins, which obviously couldn't have
happened until well after the shots were fired. This discovery
was widely taken to mean that the supposed shots could not have
been shots at all, a notion that Posner concurred with. However,
it seems unlikely that random noise could match both the
acoustic signature of Dealey Plaza and the timing of
the Zapruder film well enough to fool experts. It could be that
the crude dictabelt recording device simply slipped or recorded
over the shots without completely erasing them. In any event,
the notion that the entire case rests on the acoustic data is
ridiculous.
As for the Parkland doctors such as McLelland and Crenshaw [Crenshaw],
who dispute the autopsy conclusions, they are simply crackpots
or publicity seekers, according to Posner. After all, some of
the other doctors who publicly disagree with them, such as
Perry, said so. Never mind that Perry, who publicly accepts the
autopsy conclusions, had originally stated three times on
national television that the shots appeared to have come from
the front. Posner lectures elsewhere in the book about why the
earliest recollections of a witness are usually the most
reliable, but in this case he conveniently puts more credence in
Perry's statements after he became aware of the autopsy
conclusions than before.
Did it not occur to Posner that Perry may be afraid or
reluctant to contradict the autopsy conclusions? That
possibility should be glaringly obvious to any objective
researcher, who would immediately dismiss as useless the
statements made by the doctors under great pressure after
being told of the autopsy conclusions. In fact, official
transcripts show that the Warren Commission had to nearly "pull
teeth" to get several of the Parkland Doctors to concede that
the shots could have come from the rear. Needless to
say, that is not the best way to find the truth.
Posner swallows the single-bullet theory whole, of course.
According to this theory, a single bullet went through Kennedy's
back, came out his throat, then went through Governor Connally's
chest and wrist, breaking dense bones, and finally ended up
lodged in his thigh. If a single bullet did not do all that, a
second shooter would be implicated because Oswald couldn't have
fired two shots that quickly with the crude rifle he supposedly
used, and his other two supposed shots were accounted for
anyway.
The bullet that supposedly did all that damage was
conveniently found on a stretcher in Parkland hospital in nearly
pristine condition. Even if that is possible, anyone who knows
anything about ballistics knows that it is very unlikely --
another one of those strange occurrences that seem to permeate
this case. Furthermore, Connally himself insisted until his
death many years later that he was not hit by the same bullet
that hit Kennedy in the neck. Additional serious
problems with trajectory and timing are too involved to discuss
here, but since the magic bullet can defy common sense, should
we be surprised that it can also defy the laws of physics?
The autopsy itself has been heavily criticized -- but not by
Posner, who is apparently unwilling to question anything that
supports his case. It was not done in Texas as it should have
been, by law. And the reason for not having the autopsy done at
Parkland is unclear, because the doctors assigned were junior
military pathologists with virtually no forensic experience.
They literally got their initial forensic training on the
President of the United States, and they did not do very well.
They either forgot or were ordered not to trace the path of the
bullets through the body and brain, which would have settled the
controversy about the direction of the shots in short order.
Their request for access to Kennedy's clothes was denied. They
claimed to be unaware of the neck wound until after the
autopsy because an emergency tracheotomy had been performed
directly over it at Parkland Hospital. The brain, which was
supposed to have been preserved and sectioned, has mysteriously
disappeared. In short, the autopsy was a travesty by nearly all
accounts. This has all been pointed out, along with other
glaring deficiencies and discrepancies, by Cyril Wecht, M.D.,
J.D., a past president of the American Academy of Forensic
Sciences [Wecht].
If that does not constitute grounds for suspicion of a coverup,
what would?
It gets worse, if that is possible. Robert B. Livingston, MD,
claims to have had a telephone conversation with James J. Humes,
one of the autopsy physicians, shortly before the autopsy, in
which he discussed the neck wound with Humes. But Humes later
claimed to be unaware of of the neck wound until after the
autopsy, and he used that as his excuse for not tracing the
bullet path through the neck wound. Livingston also claims that
the autopsy photographs of the brain cannot possibly be of
Kennedy's brain. Livingston's claims, though sensational, cannot
be simply dismissed. He was the scientific director of the
National Institute of Mental Health and the National Institute
of Neurological Diseases and Blindness at the time of the JFK
assassination, and he also founded the first Department of
Neurosciences in the world at the University of California in
San Diego. In addition, he had extensive experience with gunshot
wounds during World War II.
The day before Oswald was shot on national television by Jack
Ruby, a press conference was held in the Dallas Police
Headquarters in which someone stated erroneously that Oswald was
a member of the "Free Cuba Committee." An unidentified man in
the background corrected the error, stating that Oswald was
actually a member of the "Fair Play for Cuba Committee." The
incident seemed insignificant, and nobody cared or paid much
attention at the time, but it turned out to be monumentally
important. The man who corrected the name of the organization
was none other than...Jack Ruby. The incident was broadcast for
all to see on national television.
According to the Warren Report and Gerald Posner, Jack Ruby
had absolutely nothing to do with the assassination prior to the
day he shot Oswald. What, then, was he doing in the Dallas
Police Headquarters the day before he shot Oswald? Even
if all the other mountains of evidence in this case are
dismissed, this single incident blows the lone gunman theory
apart and proves the existence of a conspiracy. Perhaps someday
you will have the opportunity to see the film of the incident
for yourself. If so, pay close attention. The mystery man was
Jack Ruby.
Finally, Posner points out that many people are biased in
favor of the idea of a conspiracy. No great revelation there.
The reason he gives for such a bias, however, is rather silly:
reluctance to believe that a lone lunatic could single-handedly
stop a great president. More likely, the bias is simply
political. Posner neglected to mention, of course, that many
other people are biased the opposite way for other political
reasons. It doesn't take a genius to figure that out, but
apparently it takes more than Posner has to offer.
Given the national embarrassment and civil unrest that an
exposed conspiracy could have caused, not to mention the
difficulty of tracking down the conspirators, it is obvious that
the Warren Commission preferred to find a lone gunman. Did that
fact never occur to Posner in his deep ruminations? At least no
one can accuse him of trying very hard to hide his own
bias.
The bias in Posner's book is obvious by now, but the book is
worse than just biased. The following demonstrates that it is
fundamentally dishonest.
A few years ago the American Bar Association commissioned
Failure Analysis Associates of Menlo Park, California to put on
a mock trial of Lee Harvey Oswald. The trial was intended more
as a technology demonstration project than as a search for the
truth, but it was taken very seriously nevertheless. Prosecution
and defense teams were formed and highly qualified experts were
brought in to testify. Sophisticated computer models were
developed. The trial was televised on Court TV.
What Posner has done is essentially to put into book form the
prosecution case in that mock trial. Roger McCarthy, the CEO of
Failure Analysis, has expressed outrage over what he calls
"fundamental misrepresentation" by Posner, who mentioned Failure
Analysis, but who never bothered to explain the mock-trial
project, and who leaves the unsuspecting reader with the
distinct impression that he himself had commissioned or directed
the work. In reality, Posner had nothing to do with the project.
McCarthy even filed an
affidavit to that effect.
More importantly, Posner never mentioned that he had borrowed
exclusively from the prosecution side of the mock trial
and completely ignored the defense side. That would be
inexcusable even if Oswald had been convicted, but the ultimate
irony is that the mock trial resulted in a hung jury (no
deliberations took place), seven to five in favor of
acquittal of Oswald! The very title of Posner's book
therefore constitutes a bald-faced lie.
It may come as a surprise to many that Oswald was nearly
acquitted in his mock trial. After all, the mass media has for
decades depicted this as an open and shut case, with Oswald's
inevitable conviction a mere formality. Those vigilant watchdogs
of civil rights apparently forgot that evidence can be tampered
with or concocted outright, and much of it probably was in this
case. Yet even if Oswald had been convicted, the existence of a
conspiracy would not have been rejected. The media distortion on
this issue is so profound that it seems to transcend political
and ideological boundaries. In fact, this case is of great
interest if for no other reason than what it tells us about the
mass media.
What makes Posner's book so interesting is not so much what
is written in it as what has been written and said
about it. This phony book has been swallowed whole by most
of the mass media. It has received more positive media coverage
than perhaps all of the honest books on the JFK
assassination, combined. It has been widely regarded as the
final word on the subject. Full page editorials in major
newspapers have smugly said, "See, we told you so," before
launching into half-baked psycho-babble about why we want to
believe in a conspiracy. One popular weekly news magazine
devoted an astounding twenty eight pages to the book,
with hardly a whisper of criticism.
Could television networks, newspapers, and popular magazines
really be that naive, or is something else going on? Have
journalists become so lazy they do not do even their most basic
homework anymore? Or could it be that the media is manipulated
in some way by the government? That same mass media can be
counted on to dub anyone who suspects government involvement in
the assassination a paranoid lunatic, but how can any reasonable
person who knows the basic facts not be suspicious?
The media distortion on this issue often comes in the form of
plain lies. For example, although the Zapruder film was not
shown to the public until 1975, Dan Rather watched it and
described it on the air on the day after the assassination. When
Kennedy was hit in the head, Rather said that his head went
forward. Although Kennedy's head did move slightly forward at
first, it then snapped violently back and to the left, but
Rather said nothing about that. In other words, Dan Rather
apparently lied on national television about the motion of
Kennedy's head at impact. Why would he do that?
For the twenty-fifth anniversary of the assassination, the
PBS series Nova aired an hour-long program called "Who
Killed President Kennedy," narrated by Walter Cronkite. On the
surface, the show was more balanced and fair than anything done
by the commercial networks. The notion of a conspiracy was
treated as a respectable hypothesis, though hardly an
inescapable conclusion. The unsuspecting viewer had no way of
knowing what kind of insidious skullduggery was going on.
For example, in one segment of the Nova program, several of
the doctors who had seen Kennedy's wounds at Parkland Hospital
were allowed to view secret autopsy X-rays and photographs at
the National Archives. They were then asked if any of it was
inconsistent with what they had seen in Dallas. Their negative
response seemed to squelch any notion of tampered medical
evidence. However, Robert Groden [Groden]
later interviewed those same doctors, along with some of the
autopsy technicians, and found that they had serious
problems with some of the official illustrations that were
released to the public.
For example, one illustration shows the entire back of
Kennedy's head completely intact, whereas the Parkland doctors
had virtually all described a major defect in the lower rear
(occipital) area. Groden even recorded the doctors on videotape
explaining that the illustration had to be phony. Yet,
amazingly, Nova somehow managed to miss that angle. Could the
Nova staff really be that incompetent?
The third annual ASK conference, a major conference on the
JFK assassination, was held near Dealey Plaza in Dallas from
November 18-21, 1993. Dr. David Mantik, M.D., Ph.D. (physics) of
the Peter A. Lake, M.D., Center in Rancho Mirage, California,
proved conclusively by optical densitometry analysis that the
JFK autopsy X-rays at the National Archives are phony
composites. He also showed that a bullet could not have possibly
traversed Kennedy's neck, as the Warren Commission said it did,
without also causing major damage to the cervical spine, which
it did not. Mantik also found a clear trace of fragments from a
second bullet to the brain. As if that weren't enough, he also
found an obvious metal object in the skull X-ray that matched
the 6.5 mm bullet Oswald supposedly used, but which the autopsy
pathologists swore under oath to be unaware of. Mantik's five
and seven year old children had no trouble finding the bullet
fragment, yet three pathologists supposedly didn't notice it in
the X-rays! It was obviously added later to the X-ray in a
pathetic attempt to frame Oswald. Mantik's results, along with
many other remarkable revelations, are presented in [Fetzer].
Many other researchers have also shown that the Warren Report
is a travesty and that the Report of the HSCA is not much
better. Yet dozens of top experts in several fields have
received less combined coverage than lawyer and media wonderboy
Gerald Posner.
When the Warren Commission found that JFK was killed by a
lone lunatic, they were conveniently spared the potential major
embarrassment of contrary evidence at his trial. When the
absurdity of the lone-gunman theory became abundantly clear, the
HSCA reluctantly conceded that a conspiracy had occurred, but
they blamed it on the Mafia and made absolutely no attempt to
track down the conspirators. But could the Mafia dictate the
autopsy location and tamper with autopsy illustrations and
X-rays?
In the meantime, a covert anti-Castro alliance between the
CIA and the Mafia has become public knowledge, as has an elite
CIA assassination squad that had its sights mainly on Castro. It
is possible that Kennedy himself was unaware of either. The
Mafia despised Kennedy because his brother Robert Kennedy, the
U.S. attorney general, was vigorously trying to shut them down.
And both the Cuban refugees and the CIA widely considered
Kennedy a traitor for not ordering air support at the Bay of
Pigs. At the same time, Kennedy felt duped by the CIA because
they apparently told the refugees that he would order the air
support, but they did not bother to check with him. Kennedy
publicly threatened to shut down the CIA completely. Given all
that, the notion that the CIA assassination squad and the Mafia
would not turn its wrath on Kennedy seems almost naive.
Yet the mass media still snubs or ridicules anyone who
believes that government officials were involved in a conspiracy
to kill JFK. Now they have a new messiah, a hitherto unknown
lawyer named Posner, to misrepresent mock trials and boldly lead
us back to the glory days of the Warren Commission. The notion
that Posner is now the top expert on the Kennedy assassination,
or even one of the top fifty, should be an insult to the
intelligence of the American people.
Then there are those skeptics who think that conspiracies are
too fragile to hold together and that anyone who thinks
otherwise is naïve or paranoid. They apparently didn't notice
how many potential witnesses were dying mysteriously. And if
anyone knew about a conspiracy, Jack Ruby must have, but he
tried in vain for years to tell his story, only to be labeled a
crank. How many others like him did we never hear about? The
notion that a conspiracy will fall apart the minute one person
opens his mouth is absurd. Yet, ironically, those who believe it
call others naïve.
Ironically, the bizarre nature of the assassination plot may
have actually helped the conspirators to get away with it. It
was just too unbelievable for the skeptics, who did not think
such an outrageous crime could be achieved or would even be
attempted. When David Lifton [Lifton]
wrote about the bizarre shell game that was played with the body
and the two coffins at Bethesda, for example, he was regarded by
the skeptics as an eccentric at best. But while the skeptics
were busy explaining why conspiracies are so fragile, they
failed to notice how sloppy the JFK assassination actually was.
Were it not for their role in keeping the pressure off of
government investigators, the crime might have been solved long
ago and their notions about conspiracies corroborated.
Many of the other arguments against a conspiracy are also
ridiculous. The point was once made in an essay in a major news
weekly, for example, that the government is not competent enough
to pull off a complicated conspiracy. The author ridiculed
conspiracy believers for believing that a government bureaucracy
could pull off the JFK assassination. He is obviously very
confused, though, if he thinks that anyone believes it was a
bureaucracy that pulled off the assassination. There is no
standard form for having the president killed!
This article has of course barely scratched the surface of
this infamous episode in American history. The historical
importance of the JFK assassination is underrated and its
bizarre and intricate plot dwarfs that of almost any work of
fiction. The old adage that "truth is stranger than fiction"
couldn't apply more than it does in this case. Perhaps the most
worrisome aspect of the whole story, though, is that many
Americans don't seem to understand the significance of a coup
d'etat from within their own government. It was none other than
Thomas Jefferson who said, "If a nation expects to be ignorant
and free, in a state of civilization, it expects what never was
and what never will be."
- [Posner]
Posner, Gerald: Case Closed, Random House, 1993.
- [Crenshaw]
Crenshaw, Charles A., M.D.: JFK: Conspiracy of Silence,
Signet, 1993.
- [Wecht]
Wecht, Cyril, M.D., J.D.: Cause of Death, Dutton,
1993.
- [Groden]
Groden, Robert J.: The Killing of A President,
Viking Studio Books, 1993.
- [Lifton]
Lifton, David S.: Best Evidence, Carroll and Graf,
1980.
- [Summers]
Summers, Anthony: Conspiracy, Paragon House, 1989.
- [Marrs]
Marrs, Jim: Crossfire: The Plot that Killed Kennedy,
Carroll and Graf, 1990.
- [Fetzer]
Fetzer, James H. (editor): Murder in Dealey Plaza: What
We Know Now that We Didn't Know Then, Open Court, 2000.
-
Assassination Science: "http://www.assassinationscience.com"
- The
Assassination Web: "http://www.assassinationweb.com"
- Case Closed?
(this article): "http://RussP.org/case.htm"
Case Closed? (top)
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